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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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Aerial view of National Mall

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Presidential Office Building of Taiwan

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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Handshake between Zhao Ziyang, on the right, and Etienne Davignon

China-Western Europe Relations

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Bandung Conference 1955

Bandung Conference, 1955

Sino-Soviet Relations

Dag Hammarskjöld and Zhou Enlai

China at the United Nations

Sino-American Confrontation, 1949-1971

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Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon

1897 - 1977

Portrait of John Foster Dulles

Dulles, John Foster

1888 - 1959

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David)

1890 - 1969

Official portrait for President George H.W. Bush, 1989.

Bush, George H.W.

1924 - 2018

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

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August 1, 1958	Second Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 1, 1958, in Zhongnanhai On this second day of the talks, international affairs were the main topic of conversation. From the Soviet record, which like those of the first and the next discussion, was made by Fedorenko and the third secretary of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatolii I. Filyov, it is evident that the atmosphere was fully relaxed, anti-imperialism brought the communist leaders together. Both hated America, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and their leaders. They discussed the situation in the Near East in detail and were heartened by the victory of leftist forces in Iraq. They joked a lot. And only at the end did Mao lightly touch upon his claims to Khrushchev, who at once reminded the Chinese leader of the Soviet advisors. It was obvious that this question continued to bother him, and Khrushchev exacerbated his grievance.
June 20, 1989	China Division, Asian Affairs Bureau [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan], 'The Chinese Student Movement (After Armed Suppression by the Military)' Report from the China Division, Asian Affairs Bureau of Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the subsequent actions of the United States, Britain, France, West Germany, and Canada.
March 11, 1964	National Intelligence Estimate Number 43-64, 'Prospects for the Government of the Republic of China' The CIA assesses Taiwan's future in the wake of France's normalization of diplomatic relations with the PRC. The report covers US-Republic of China relations and likely developments in Taiwan's internal security, politics, and international recognition.
March 3, 1982	Excerpts of Talks between Leading Comrades and Foreign Guests (No. 2) A Chinese Communist Party digest summarizing a meeting held between Deng Xiaoping and Norodom Sihanouk.
August 10, 1959	Comments of N.S. Khrushchev In this document, N. S. Khrushchev provides wide-ranging comments on various geopolitical and diplomatic issues. He criticizes the US for holding onto outdated alliances like Taiwan, emphasizing the need to normalize relations and reduce tensions globally. Khrushchev discusses Middle Eastern instability, particularly in Iran, warning against U.S. interference and emphasizing self-determination for colonized nations. He also addresses disarmament, arguing that military bases are a source of tension and advocating for a phased withdrawal of troops and arms control measures. Additional topics include the complexities of summit diplomacy, Lend-Lease repayment disputes, and his correspondence with world leaders such as Macmillan, De Gaulle, and Nehru, stressing the importance of aligning messages to maintain good relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 30, 1965	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and Jean Chauvel Premier Zhou and a representative from the French foreign ministry, Jean Chauvel, talk about the Vietnam War. Zhou voices China's support for Vietnamese people's requests for U.S. troops to withdraw from Vietnam and not interfere in Vietnamese internal issues. Zhou says that the U.S. has not comply to Vietnam's request and has on the contrary expanded the war. Chauvel agrees with Zhou that the final decision about the Vietnamese War should be made by Vietnamese people. Chauvel says that the priority should be to stop the current war and calls for a ceasefire to solve the issue. Zhou cites the U.S. expansion of troops and continued involvement in Vietnam as the cause of heightened tension in Vietnam War.
March 12, 1955	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1955, No. 1 (Overall Issue No. 4) This issue includes statements from Zhou Enlai about American intervention in Taiwan, the establishment of Sino-Yugoslav relations, Sino-Afghan relations, and Sino-Indonesian trade. It also condemns American, French, and KMT Nationalist activities in North Vietnam. Finally, it discusses domestic topics such as divorce and manufacturing.
August 24, 1991	National Intelligence Daily for Saturday, 24 August 1991 The CIA’s National Intelligence Daily for 24 August 1991 describes the latest developments in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Cambodia, Lebanon, France, El Salvador, South Africa, China and Iran.
March 31, 1965	Record of the Second Meeting between Premier Zhou and President Ben Bella The document records a conversation between Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and Algerian President Ben Bella, focusing on their shared opposition to imperialism and their support for Vietnam's struggle against US aggression. They discuss international dynamics, including the Soviet Union's inconsistent stance on Vietnam, Algeria’s efforts to mediate regional conflicts, and broader issues affecting Asia and Africa, such as the Second Asian-African Conference and United Nations reform. Both leaders emphasize the importance of solidarity among socialist and anti-imperialist nations while critiquing the actions of imperialist forces in Africa and Southeast Asia. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 9, 1944	Letter No. 402 from L.D. Wilgress, Canadian Embassy, Moscow, to the Secretary of State for External Affairs, W.L. Mackenzie King The Canadian Ambassador to the Soviet Union, L.D. Wilgress, thoroughly reviews Soviet foreign policy in Europe, Asia, and in Latin America and its relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. Wilgress optimistically concludes that "the Soviet Government are desirous of co-operating fully with the other great powers."