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"The Bundeshaus (Federal Building) in Bonn, West Germany, May 1961. "

Western Europe

West Germany

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in Berlin

Eastern Europe

East Germany

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Placeholder image for when a places image is not available

Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Nuclear Proliferation

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

-

West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, 1971.

Brandt, Willy

1913 - 1992

Berlin Wall between Mitte and Kreuzberg

Berlin Wall

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Photograph of Helmut Kohl, 1982.

Kohl, Helmut

1930 - 2017

Photograph of John F. Kennedy in 1963

Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald)

1917 - 1963

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

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July 8, 1961	Record of a Conversation Between N. S. Khrushchev and K. Popovic, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Concerning the Questions of Signing a Peace Treaty with Germany Khrushchev and Popovic discuss the ongoing tensions surrounding the peace treaty with Germany and the future of West Berlin, with Khrushchev emphasizing the Soviet Union’s readiness to act if negotiations fail. They address the actions of Western powers, particularly the United States and its allies, and the risks of escalation, while acknowledging the importance of diplomacy to avoid conflict. Khrushchev also touches on the Soviet decision to suspend disarmament measures, the broader international situation, and internal developments in both the USSR and Yugoslavia.
July 4, 1961	Summary of N.S. Khrushchev's Speech to Graduates of the USSR Defensive Forces Military Academy on the Question of Signing the Peace Agreement with the GDR Khrushchev addresses graduates of Soviet military academies, emphasizing the strength of the Soviet armed forces and the importance of peace through disarmament and diplomacy. He outlines the need to conclude a peace treaty with Germany to resolve lingering tensions from World War II, criticizing the resistance of West Germany under Chancellor Adenauer and warning against militarization and nuclear escalation. Khrushchev stresses that the Soviet Union seeks peaceful coexistence but will defend its sovereignty if necessary.
1989	Meeting between Saddam and unidentified ministers This undated file is a meeting between Saddam and a number of unidentified Iraqi ministers. The file goes back to the days of Francois Mitterrand. The main topic of discussion was European efforts to create a united economy. Tariq Aziz briefed Saddam on the internal relations in Europe, especially between East and West Germany before the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the weaknesses of Communism and Socialism.
October 1995	Saddam Hussein meeting with various advisers This file contains the following discussion regarding the Republican Guard. Saddam calls for the strengthening of the thinking and culture of the members of the Guard. They discuss the effects of the sanctions and the US military presence in the Gulf, along with the crisis of March 1995.
December 8, 2022	Interview with Harald Müller Harald Müller recounts his lifelong interest in nuclear issues, stemming from the Cuban Missile Crisis, and his extensive career at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF). He emphasizes the dual role of nuclear weapons as both a deterrent, especially against threats like Russia's current aggression, and a danger due to the possibility of catastrophic misuse. Müller suggests a multi-faceted approach to nuclear disarmament, advocating for academic input, practical policy steps, and international cooperation, while recognizing that genuine disarmament requires alignment among global powers, including autocratic states. Despite recent geopolitical setbacks, he remains cautiously hopeful for future nuclear arms control, though he stresses the importance of conventional deterrents in a potential nuclear-free world. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 1961	Record of Conversations between Cde. N. S. Khrushchev, First Secretary of the CPSU CC, and Ho Chi Minh, Chairman of the CC of the VWP Khrushchev and Ho Chi Minh discuss global tensions around imperialism, nuclear disarmament, and peace talks over Germany. They review worsening Soviet relations with Albania and China, as Albania aligns with Beijing and Western powers. The leaders also address the conflicts in Laos and South Vietnam, balancing support for revolutionary forces with concerns over provoking US intervention.
December 26, 1973	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with US President, R. Nixon, 26 December 1973' Dobrynin presents a lengthy statement from Brezhnev to Nixon. Nixon, Kissinger, and Dobrynin subsequently discuss the conflict in the Middle East, Soviet-American relations, and transatlantic relations.
September 16, 1968	Otto Hauber, 'Note requested by the Federal Chancellor regarding the consequences of a potential German non-signing of the NP [Non-Proliferation] Treaty' At Ruete’s request, an additional assessment of what could happen if West Germany did not sign the NPT was prepared by a specialist from the Commissioner’s subdivision in the Foreign Office, Otto Hauber, who coordinated it with other officials in the ministry. As Hauber told Ruete, his “political evaluation” differed from those of the three Ambassadors and it was impossible to find a “common denominator”
September 6, 1968	Report No. 597 from Swidbert Schnippenkötter, Geneva In a telex he sent Geneva, Schnippenkötter estimated that “negative consequences” of not signing the NPT would be “objectively low, but stronger in the atmospheric”. For the Soviets, the NPT was “no condition sine qua non” for commencing negotiations on strategic nuclear arms; in the United States, there would be “a certain annoyance” among Democrats but that would be all.
September 5, 1968	Wilhelm Grewe, 'Consequences of a potential German non-signing of the NP Treaty' Chancellor Kiesinger asked the Foreign Office after the ‘Czech crisis’ of late August 1968 to examine the “political consequences” of a “hypothetical case of a German non-signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.” The request was forwarded by Director-General Hans Ruete to Wilhelm Grewe, Helmut Allardt, Ambassador to the Soviet Union, and Schnippenkötter who attended the UN Conference of Non-Nuclear Weapon States in Geneva. In Grewe’s judgment, it would be a “benefit” for the NATO alliance, “likely even a condition of her future viability,” if the NPT were to fail. And “if it was the missing German signature which brought the NPT down,” that would lead to “a severe stress test.” But as a NATO member state Germany could “get through” it if the government was determined to “operate with effective arguments” and showed “strength”

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United States. Central Intelligence Agency 36

Brandt, Willy 33

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich 29

Adenauer, Konrad 16

Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald) 16

East Germany 227

Soviet Union 208

United States 189

Nuclear Proliferation 41

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe 29

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 28

China-Europe Relations 27