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Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Bandung Conference 1955

Bandung Conference, 1955

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

China-Southeast Asia Relations

Shwedagon Pagoda in Burma/Myanmar

Southeast Asia

Burma (Myanmar)

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China. Embassy (Indonesia)

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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

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Huang, Zhen

1909 - 1989

Sino-Soviet Relations

The Second Asian-African Conference

Chinese Nuclear History

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Sukarno

1901 - 1970

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Subandrio

1915 -

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September 12, 1962	Record of a Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev With the Minister of State and Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia in the UN, Ahmad Shukeiry On September 12, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Saudi Arabian representative Ahmad Shukeiry in Gagra to discuss various global issues. They covered Soviet intervention in Egypt and the Middle East, European imperialism in Africa, the Algerian and Indonesian struggles against colonial powers, and US elections and labor unions. Khrushchev emphasized the USSR’s competition with the capitalist world, while Shukeiry expressed gratitude for Soviet support in Arab and anti-imperialist movements, including Palestine. They also discussed potential Soviet-Saudi diplomatic relations and Khrushchev’s possible visit to the UN General Assembly.
May 8, 1962	Transcript of the Conversation Between N.S. Khrushchev and the Deputy First Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, Subandrio On May 8, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio to discuss Soviet-Indonesian relations, including economic and military cooperation. Subandrio expressed gratitude for Soviet assistance in Indonesia’s struggle against Dutch colonial rule and outlined Indonesia’s plans to pursue a socialist-oriented path. The conversation also covered military aid, economic exchanges, and Soviet specialists in Indonesia, with A.N. Kosygin addressing specific agreements and financial arrangements.
September 16, 1961	Record of Conversation Between N. S. Khrushchev and Subandrio, Deputy First Minister and Foreign Minister of Indonesia Subandrio discusses Indonesia’s relations with the US, particularly Sukarno’s recent meeting with Kennedy, where they debated non-alignment, nuclear testing, and the German question. Khrushchev shares his perspective on global tensions, including his discussions with French politician Paul Reynaud and concerns over Western military strategies.
August 28, 1958	From the Journal of A.A. Brezhnev, 'Record of a Conversation with Zhang Liguang, Chief of the PRC MFA Socialist Countries Protocol Department, 15 August 1958' On August 15, 1958, Soviet diplomat A.A. Brezhnev spoke with Zhang Liguang, head of the PRC Foreign Ministry's Socialist Countries Protocol Department, during a reception in Beijing to discuss international reactions to the recent meeting between Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Zhang reported heightened interest from foreign diplomats, particularly from India.
June 9, 1961	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the President of Indonesia Sukarno Khrushchev informs Sukarno of US intelligence involvement with Indonesian rebels and warns him to remain vigilant, noting similar US activities in other countries. Sukarno acknowledges the threat posed by US intelligence, updates Khrushchev on the internal situation with the rebels, and discusses concerns over figures within his government. At Sukarno's request, Khrushchev also provides an overview of his recent meeting with President Kennedy in Vienna, including discussions on Laos, Berlin, and disarmament.
January 3, 1961	Record of Conversation between Members of the Indonesian Delegation and N.S. Khrushchev During a January 1961 meeting with Khrushchev, an Indonesian delegation requested Soviet military support—including arms, aircraft, and infrastructure—to bolster defenses amid escalating Dutch activity in Western New Guinea (Papua). They also sought eased loan repayment terms, emphasizing shared anti-colonial goals and the urgency of strengthening Indonesia's position against potential unrest and foreign intervention.
March 28, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 10 (Overall Issue No. 204) Highlights a joint statement and an economic aid agreement between China and Nepal, along with discussions on the Chinese and Indian premiers' forthcoming meeting. It also addresses the Indonesian government's efforts to resolve the status of overseas Chinese and the challenges encountered by repatriated Chinese nationals. Updates on U.S.-China diplomatic engagements include China's firm stance on judicial sovereignty over espionage-related cases involving American individuals, and adjustments in China's oil industry management policies. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
February 8, 1960	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1960, No. 4 (Overall Issue No. 198) Includes a joint communiqué with Burma affirming friendship and territorial agreements, the exchange of ratified documents on dual nationality with Indonesia, and guidelines on accommodating returning overseas Chinese. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
May 22, 1958	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1958, No. 18 (Overall Issue No. 145) This issue condemns the United States for its interference in Indonesia's internal affairs, highlighting China's support for Indonesia's sovereignty and anti-imperialist struggle. It also announces taxation adjustments to enhance economic efficiency and provides detailed guidance on developing and distributing agricultural machinery tailored for cooperative societies to boost productivity. The issue underscores the importance of international solidarity and domestic resource management in fostering agricultural and economic growth.
February 20, 1960	Copy of N.S. Khrushchev's Notes to the CPSU CC Presidium about His Stay in Indonesia In these notes dated February 20, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev reports to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee about his visit to Indonesia. He highlights the warmth and hospitality received, particularly from President Sukarno, who has informally raised various topics that might come up in negotiations later. These include a potential loan for building a steel mill, purchasing military equipment such as Tu-16 bombers and naval ships, and addressing Indonesia’s textile industry challenges. Sukarno also suggested a need for air-cooling systems in Soviet ships and expressed admiration for Soviet fruits and juices. Khrushchev advises that the USSR should approach these requests gradually, without making specific commitments, to strengthen relations. He closes by suggesting sending Soviet fruits and beverages as a goodwill gesture to Sukarno. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.