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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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Sino-Indian Border War, 1962

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Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

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1889 - 1964

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Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

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1893 - 1976

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Zhang, Hanfu

1906 - 1972

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October 3, 1950	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and K.M. Panikkar Zhou Enlai talks with K.M. Panikkar about a letter from Jawaharlal Nehru asking about the North Korea issue and U.S. involvement on the Korean peninsula. Zhou expresses that if American soldiers cross the 38th parallel, then China will take charge of the issue. Zhou also communicates the desire from the Chinese side for the peaceful settlement of the Korea issuen through the UN, which will first require foreign armed forces to exit the Korean peninsula.
December 18, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 45 (Overall Issue No. 71) This issue features a transcript of questions and answers from Zhou Enlai's meeting with journalists in Madras, India (now Chennai). Several sections cover Sino-Yugoslavian trade and relations, while other reports discuss finances and agricultural preparations for the end of the year.
April 21, 1955	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1955, No. 5 (Overall Issue No. 8) This issue begins with an announcement from Mao Zedong to end the state of war between China and Germany. It then features several reports about the Bandung Asian-African Conference in Indonesia, including a statement about the bomb explosion that sought to target Zhou Enlai on the way there. Other sections cover topics such as Sino-Indian relations, the creation of a Third Ministry of Machine Building to oversee developments in aviation, and the establishment of ethnic autonomous areas.
May 15, 1959	Mao Zedong, 'On Sino-Indian Relations' In commenting on a speech for China's ambassador to India, Mao emphasizes that, overall, India is a friendly country. China's primary enemy is not India but the imperialist United States. (The name of Ambassador Pan Zili is redacted throughout.)
March 1, 1955	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1954, No. 1 (Overall Issue No. 1) This issue features content on China's cooperation with the Soviet Union, Mongolia, India, Albania, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). It also has sections on Taiwan, education, economic policies, and railroad development.
July 27, 1963	Memorandum of Conversation of Comrade N.S. Khrushchev with Indira Gandhi Nikita Khrushchev, Indira Gandhi, and T.N. Kaul discuss the Sino-Indian border conflict, emphasizing the challenges of pursuing negotiations amid domestic pressures. They also address Indo-Soviet relations, India’s non-alignment policy, the upcoming nuclear test ban treaty, and Khrushchev’s reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis as a lesson in preserving peace.
February 9, 1959	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and the Ambassador of India in the USSR K.P.S. Menon Menon and Khrushchev talk about the measures taken to fight epidemics and develop the pharmaceutical industry in India. Khrushchev tells Menon about the activity of anti-party groups in the Soviet Union and Bulganin's arrogance.
December 3, 1959	Record of a Conversation between N. S. Khrushchev and the Indian Ambassador to the Soviet Union Krishna Menon N. S. Khrushchev meets with Krishna Menon, the Indian Ambassador to the USSR, to discuss recent developments in the Chinese-Indian border conflict. Menon explains India's response to Zhou Enlai's proposal for troop withdrawals, emphasizing India's alternative suggestion for resolving the dispute and informing Khrushchev of the steps taken by the Indian government. Khrushchev reaffirms the Soviet Union's neutral stance in the conflict, urging both China and India to resolve the issue independently without external interference. The meeting also touches on the strong and friendly Soviet-Indian relations, Indian gratitude for Soviet aid, and Khrushchev's updates on global diplomatic developments, including correspondence with U.S. President Eisenhower about a potential summit. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
May 5, 1980	Annex 7: Interview with Deng Xiaoping, 17 April 1980 (Summary Report) Deng and Berlinguer talk about the strategy of Indira Gandhi and the policy of the Soviet Union in South Asia.
September 10, 1954	The Second Secretary at London (Zimmerman) to the Department of State, 'Transmittal of Indian Summary of Tibetan Reports Covering Period January to April 1954' A summary of the report of the Indian Mission to Lhasa covering January-April 1954.