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South Asia

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Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

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Afghan resistance fighters return to a village destroyed by Soviet forces

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

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Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

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India

Mikhail Gorbachev, 1986

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich

1931 - 2022

Sino-Soviet Relations

Leonid Brezhnev, 1974.

Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich

1906 - 1982

Aerial photograph of CIA headquarters

United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Nikita Khrushchev Collection

Sino-Soviet Split, 1960-1984

George H.W. Bush and Lech Walesa

CIA Reports on the Collapse of Communism in Europe

Soviet Foreign Policy

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Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin

1949 -

Photograph of Gamal Abdel Nasser

Nasser, Gamal Abdel

1918 - 1970

Andrei Gromyko at the UN, 1981

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich

1909 - 1989

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March 18, 1991	“Growing Economic Crisis in the Soviet Union and the Dead End of the Perestroika” This article from the Afghan opposition periodical, Falaq, written anonymously, criticizes the Soviet policy of Perestroika at the end of the Cold War. Contributed and translated by Siarhei Bohdan.
December 23, 1990	“Economic and Political Crisis Is One of the Consequences of Perestroika in the Soviet Union” This article by an anonymous author comes from the Afghan opposition periodical, Falaq. The author comments on the Soviet policy of Perestroika at the end of the Cold War from the Islamist perspective. Contributed and translated by Siarhei Bohdan.
July 22, 1961	Reception by Cde. N.S. Khrushchev of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces and Prime Minister of Sudan Ibrahim Abboud Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's new economic program and revolutionary history with Sudanese Prime Minister Ibrahim Abboud, emphasizing the USSR's achievements and its commitment to peaceful, cooperative relations with Sudan. He critiques Western imperialism and urges Sudan to allow Soviet aid flights to the Congo, arguing that supporting anti-colonial movements is a moral duty. The conversation also touches on Sudan's domestic policies, its cautious approach to socialism, and opportunities for expanded economic and technical cooperation between the two countries.
October 2, 1960	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, S. Sarper On October 2, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev met with Turkish Foreign Minister Selim Sarper in New York to discuss bilateral relations, disarmament, and the global political climate. Sarper conveyed greetings from General Gürsel and emphasized Turkey’s desire for good-neighborly relations based on realism and stability. Khrushchev criticized the presence of foreign military bases in Turkey, arguing they pose risks to Turkey without enhancing security, and suggested a neutral, cooperative stance for Turkey in the Black Sea region. Both leaders discussed challenges in improving Soviet-American relations and the broader Cold War context, including the recent U-2 incident. Sarper acknowledged Turkey’s economic difficulties and expressed optimism about gradual improvements in Soviet-Turkish relations. The conversation concluded with mutual agreement on the importance of diplomatic patience and fostering personal connections between leaders to achieve peace and stability. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
March 20, 1959	Record of Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev and Mohammed El-Nil, Ambassador of the Republic of Sudan in the USSR Khrushchev discusses the Soviet Union's relationships with both Iraq and the UAR (Egypt), expressing criticism of Nasser's policies and approach to Arab unity. He voices concerns over Nasser’s political stance and the impact of his speeches, highlighting areas where Soviet and Egyptian interests diverge. Additionally, Khrushchev thanks the Sudanese Ambassador for his service as he steps down from his position.
March 12, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 10 (Overall Issue No. 83) This issue contains a report by Zhou Enlai's visit to 11 countries in Asia and Europe, work arrangements, export tax regulations, Japanese encephalitis, national exams, and village reassignment.
September 20, 1982	Record of Soviet-Indian Talks Brezhnev tells Gandhi about the Soviet Union's concern with recent American actions in the Middle East and shares his fear of increased nuclear capacity. Gandhi seconds these worries, celebrates the friendship between India and the Soviet Union, and requests Soviet assistance in developing India's economy.
September 21, 1982	Soviet-Indian Talks (Conclusion) Brezhnev and Gandhi discuss India's relationship to Pakistan and Afghanistan, highlighting the Soviet Union's involvement with the two countries. Gandhi also speaks about India's domestic situation and asks Brezhnev to cooperate in increasing India's defense capabilities. Brezhnev tells Gandhi confidential information about recent developments in Soviet-China relations.
January 28, 1957	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1957, No. 4 (Overall Issue No. 77) This issue features content on China's relations with the Soviet Union, Hungary, Afghanistan, and Hong Kong. It also has sections on tax relief and loan assistance for poor production teams and military, prevention and treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease, the collection of revolutionary history archives, regulations on production, business, infrastructure, and Soviet activities, and village transfer and reassignment.
August 7, 1962	Record of a Conversation between Cde. N.S. Khrushchev and Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan Khrushchev and Brezhnev visited King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan, who was vacationing on the Black Sea. Khrushchev provided an overview of key international issues, focusing on tensions in Berlin and Taiwan, and highlighted Soviet economic growth. The King expressed gratitude for Soviet economic and military assistance and praised the work of Soviet specialists in Afghanistan. He discussed the ongoing conflict with Pakistan, emphasizing Afghanistan's neutral foreign policy and the mediation efforts of the Shah of Iran, which he viewed as ineffective. The conversation also touched on broader regional dynamics, including proposals for a bloc of Muslim countries, which both leaders considered unrealistic.