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Cuba's National Capitol Building, January 2010.

Central America and Caribbean

Cuba

Executive Committee of the National Security Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Cuban Foreign Relations

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

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Central Africa

Angola

Cuba and Southern Africa

Fidel Castro, 1959.

Castro, Fidel

1926 - 2016

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South America

Brazil

President Ronald Reagan, Vice-President Bush, and oviet General Secretary Gorbachev

United States-Soviet Relations

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

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Alekseyev, Alexander Ivanovich

1913 - 1989

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Kudryavtsev, Sergey Mikhailovich

1915 - 1998

China and Latin America and the Caribbean

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Soviet Union. Embassy (Cuba)

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Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Photograph of Secretary General of the United Nations U Thant

Thant, U

1909 - 1974

Sino-Soviet Relations

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October 1962	Notes of N.S. Khrushchev [on a Letter to Fidel Castro] N.S. Khrushchev reflects on Fidel Castro's impulsive and desperate nature, comparing him to a peasant who values a bear's skin over his own safety, illustrating Castro's dangerous push for nuclear war during the Cuban Crisis.
October 1, 1962	Transcript of the Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and a Gandhi Peace Foundation (India) Delegation On October 1, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with a delegation from India’s Gandhi Peace Foundation to discuss nuclear disarmament and ongoing arms negotiations. The delegation presented concerns about nuclear testing and urged the Soviet Union to take unilateral steps toward disarmament. Khrushchev responded that while the USSR was willing to sign an agreement to halt nuclear testing, the United States' refusal to accept verification measures and continued military expansion made such an agreement difficult. The conversation also covered US foreign policy, Soviet-Indian relations, and global security issues.
June 9, 1961	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the President of Indonesia Sukarno Khrushchev informs Sukarno of US intelligence involvement with Indonesian rebels and warns him to remain vigilant, noting similar US activities in other countries. Sukarno acknowledges the threat posed by US intelligence, updates Khrushchev on the internal situation with the rebels, and discusses concerns over figures within his government. At Sukarno's request, Khrushchev also provides an overview of his recent meeting with President Kennedy in Vienna, including discussions on Laos, Berlin, and disarmament.
March 1, 1978	From the Journal of A.F. Dobrynin, 'Record of a Conversation with Z. Brzezinski, Assistant to the President of the US for National Security, 1 March 1978' In this March 1978 conversation, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin and US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed rising US concerns over Soviet and Cuban military involvement in the Horn of Africa, particularly its perceived threat to Western oil routes and the stability of Saudi Arabia. Dobrynin rejected Brzezinski’s fears as exaggerated, reiterating that the conflict stemmed from Somali aggression and emphasizing that the Soviet presence supported Ethiopia's defense. The meeting ended with both sides restating their entrenched positions, with the US seeking assurances of de-escalation and Soviet withdrawal, which Dobrynin declined to provide.
July 1972	Supplement to the Report about Negotiations with F. Castro G. Tsukanov summarizes Fidel Castro's 1972 visit to the USSR. According to Tsukanov, the trip will be useful in facilitating Cuba's socialist position. Important discussion topics from Castro's visit include the Soviet-American negotiations, Soviet economic assistance to Cuba, and the political course of Latin America.
June 1, 1972	Summary of a Conversation between O. Darusenkov and Comrade Rodriguez O. Darusenkov writes about a meeting he had with Comrade Rodriquez. During the meeting, Darusenkov learned that Castro is uncomfortable with Nixon's recent visit to the USSR, believing that the visit's timing shifts the moral weight of the Vietnam War onto the Soviet Union. Darusenkov also explains that Soviet comrades should publicly greet Castro upon his arrival.
June 1, 1972	Summary of a Conversation between O. Darusenkov and Fidel Castro O. Darusenkov explains that Fidel Castro has changed his itinerary for his visit to the USSR, deciding to emphasize conversations with Soviet leaders over a tour of the country. Furthermore, Darusenkov relates that though Castro will engage in economic discussions, he wishes that the economic dimension of his visit be kept secret. Castro's disdain for Nixon following the President's visit to the USSR is also made clear.
June 27, 1972	Record of Conversation between L. I. Brezhnev and Fidel Castro Brezhnev warmly welcomes Castro to the Soviet Union. Castro speaks of positive developments within Soviet-Cuban relations and explains the historical trajectory of Cuba in terms of the global fight for communism. The leaders discuss Cuban economic prospects and the revolutionary situation of countries throughout Latin America.
January 28, 1972	Czechoslovak Embassy in Havana to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 6th Territorial Department, 'Cuba-Latin America-USA Relations in the Second Half of 1971' The document discusses Cuba's evolving foreign relations in the second half of 1971, emphasizing its efforts to normalize ties with Latin American countries and reduce its isolation. Key achievements include strengthened relations with Chile and Peru, entry into the "Group of 77," and growing interest among Latin American states in reestablishing connections with Cuba, despite U.S. opposition. Fidel Castro's high-profile visit to Chile and growing support for Cuba within the region are contrasted with the stagnation of US-Cuban relations, where Cuba remains a contentious issue in American politics. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
September 9, 1970	Foreign Affairs Department of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, 'Report on the Party and Government Delegation’s Visit to Cuba' The report provides an overview of the Hungarian delegation's visit to Cuba in 1970 to strengthen party relations and discuss preparations for an anti-imperialist congress. The Cuban leadership expressed interest in improving bilateral cooperation and aligning on ideological initiatives. Observations highlight challenges in Cuba, including economic inefficiencies, campaign-style management, and political centralization under Fidel Castro, who acknowledged shortcomings and proposed changes, such as separating party and state leadership roles. Despite setbacks, Cuban leaders remained committed to revolutionary ideals, with Castro emphasizing the importance of the working class in socialist development. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.

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