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Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Bandung Conference 1955

Bandung Conference, 1955

The Taj Mahal Shrine in Agra, India.

South Asia

India

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

China-Southeast Asia Relations

Shwedagon Pagoda in Burma/Myanmar

Southeast Asia

Burma (Myanmar)

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China. Embassy (Indonesia)

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Photograph fo Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing

China. Foreign Ministry

1949 -

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Conversations with Zhou Enlai

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Huang, Zhen

1909 - 1989

The Second Asian-African Conference

Chinese Nuclear History

Sino-Soviet Relations

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Sukarno

1901 - 1970

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Subandrio

1915 -

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September 12, 1962	Record of a Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev With the Minister of State and Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia in the UN, Ahmad Shukeiry On September 12, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Saudi Arabian representative Ahmad Shukeiry in Gagra to discuss various global issues. They covered Soviet intervention in Egypt and the Middle East, European imperialism in Africa, the Algerian and Indonesian struggles against colonial powers, and US elections and labor unions. Khrushchev emphasized the USSR’s competition with the capitalist world, while Shukeiry expressed gratitude for Soviet support in Arab and anti-imperialist movements, including Palestine. They also discussed potential Soviet-Saudi diplomatic relations and Khrushchev’s possible visit to the UN General Assembly.
May 8, 1962	Transcript of the Conversation Between N.S. Khrushchev and the Deputy First Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, Subandrio On May 8, 1962, N.S. Khrushchev met with Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio to discuss Soviet-Indonesian relations, including economic and military cooperation. Subandrio expressed gratitude for Soviet assistance in Indonesia’s struggle against Dutch colonial rule and outlined Indonesia’s plans to pursue a socialist-oriented path. The conversation also covered military aid, economic exchanges, and Soviet specialists in Indonesia, with A.N. Kosygin addressing specific agreements and financial arrangements.
September 16, 1961	Record of Conversation Between N. S. Khrushchev and Subandrio, Deputy First Minister and Foreign Minister of Indonesia Subandrio discusses Indonesia’s relations with the US, particularly Sukarno’s recent meeting with Kennedy, where they debated non-alignment, nuclear testing, and the German question. Khrushchev shares his perspective on global tensions, including his discussions with French politician Paul Reynaud and concerns over Western military strategies.
August 28, 1958	From the Journal of A.A. Brezhnev, 'Record of a Conversation with Zhang Liguang, Chief of the PRC MFA Socialist Countries Protocol Department, 15 August 1958' On August 15, 1958, Soviet diplomat A.A. Brezhnev spoke with Zhang Liguang, head of the PRC Foreign Ministry's Socialist Countries Protocol Department, during a reception in Beijing to discuss international reactions to the recent meeting between Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Zhang reported heightened interest from foreign diplomats, particularly from India.
June 9, 1961	Record of Conversation between N.S. Khrushchev and the President of Indonesia Sukarno Khrushchev informs Sukarno of US intelligence involvement with Indonesian rebels and warns him to remain vigilant, noting similar US activities in other countries. Sukarno acknowledges the threat posed by US intelligence, updates Khrushchev on the internal situation with the rebels, and discusses concerns over figures within his government. At Sukarno's request, Khrushchev also provides an overview of his recent meeting with President Kennedy in Vienna, including discussions on Laos, Berlin, and disarmament.
January 3, 1961	Record of Conversation between Members of the Indonesian Delegation and N.S. Khrushchev During a January 1961 meeting with Khrushchev, an Indonesian delegation requested Soviet military support—including arms, aircraft, and infrastructure—to bolster defenses amid escalating Dutch activity in Western New Guinea (Papua). They also sought eased loan repayment terms, emphasizing shared anti-colonial goals and the urgency of strengthening Indonesia's position against potential unrest and foreign intervention.
February 20, 1960	Copy of N.S. Khrushchev's Notes to the CPSU CC Presidium about His Stay in Indonesia In these notes dated February 20, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev reports to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee about his visit to Indonesia. He highlights the warmth and hospitality received, particularly from President Sukarno, who has informally raised various topics that might come up in negotiations later. These include a potential loan for building a steel mill, purchasing military equipment such as Tu-16 bombers and naval ships, and addressing Indonesia’s textile industry challenges. Sukarno also suggested a need for air-cooling systems in Soviet ships and expressed admiration for Soviet fruits and juices. Khrushchev advises that the USSR should approach these requests gradually, without making specific commitments, to strengthen relations. He closes by suggesting sending Soviet fruits and beverages as a goodwill gesture to Sukarno. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
August 25, 1995	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Telephone Conversation with Croatia’s President Tudjman on 25 August 1995 at 09.20 hours Kohl emphasizes the need for a peaceful liberation of Eastern Croatia. Kohl urgently asks Tudjman to look into Croatian war crimes and human rights violations himself. Kohl wants Tudjman "to enforce discipline in the cases where the allegations were justified and penalize the people that had committed crimes."
March 11, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Israeli Foreign Minister Peres on Wednesday, 10 March 1993 Kohl and Peres examine the state of the Middle East peace process and chances for closer cooperation between Israel and the European Community.
March 5, 1993	The Chancellor's [Helmut Kohl's] Meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Miyazawa on Saturday, 27 February 1993, in Tokyo Kohl reitertates the willingess to increase Germany's global presence despite domestic issues and continuing European challenges. Kohl and Miyazawa discuss the importance of global free trade for Germany and Japan.