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Western Europe

France

Portrait of Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, China, 1972.

East Asia

China

Handshake between Zhao Ziyang, on the right, and Etienne Davignon

China-Western Europe Relations

Trade agreement between European Economic Community and China

China-Europe Relations

Aerial view of National Mall

North America

United States

Soviet soldier taking a photograph of another soldier in Red Square, Moscow, 1959

Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

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Western Europe

Great Britain

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2012.

Southeast Asia

Vietnam

Sino-French Normalization, 1964

Photograph of Zhou Enlai in 1972.

Zhou, Enlai

1898 - 1976

Photo of the Geneva Conference of 1954

Geneva Conference of 1954

Sino-Soviet Relations

Conversations with Mao Zedong

Portrait of Mao Zedong from propaganda poster

Mao, Zedong

1893 - 1976

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Xi, Zhongxun

1913 - 2002

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Marchais, Georges

1920 - 1997

Nikita Khrushchev at the UNGA, 1962.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich

1894 - 1971

Anastas Mikoyan in 1959

Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich

1895 - 1978

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November 17, 1964	Echo of Recent International Events in Cuba This document provides an in-depth analysis of Cuba's reactions to various international developments during late 1964. Cuban leaders were pleased with the radical anti-imperialist tone and diplomatic successes of the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Countries. Fidel Castro welcomed French President de Gaulle's anti-American stance during his Latin America trip, linking it to tensions in pro-American governments. The British Labour Party's election victory was viewed positively, fostering hopes for policies aligned with Cuba's interests. Domestically, Nikita Khrushchev's ousting in the USSR created distrust and concerns about the continuity of Soviet support. Lastly, Cuba cautiously celebrated China's first nuclear test, seeing it as a potential shift in global power dynamics favoring socialism. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
May 29, 1989	Cable No. 1314, Foreign Minister Ad Interim to the Ambassador, Delegation of Japan to the OECD, 'Chinese Student Demonstrations (Main Points of the Minister’s Statement)' A summary of Foreign Minister Uno's comments about China made at the Japan-France Summit Meeting.
August 1, 1958	Second Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev with Mao Zedong, August 1, 1958, in Zhongnanhai On this second day of the talks, international affairs were the main topic of conversation. From the Soviet record, which like those of the first and the next discussion, was made by Fedorenko and the third secretary of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anatolii I. Filyov, it is evident that the atmosphere was fully relaxed, anti-imperialism brought the communist leaders together. Both hated America, Great Britain, France, West Germany, Japan, and their leaders. They discussed the situation in the Near East in detail and were heartened by the victory of leftist forces in Iraq. They joked a lot. And only at the end did Mao lightly touch upon his claims to Khrushchev, who at once reminded the Chinese leader of the Soviet advisors. It was obvious that this question continued to bother him, and Khrushchev exacerbated his grievance.
June 20, 1989	China Division, Asian Affairs Bureau [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan], 'The Chinese Student Movement (After Armed Suppression by the Military)' Report from the China Division, Asian Affairs Bureau of Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the subsequent actions of the United States, Britain, France, West Germany, and Canada.
March 11, 1964	National Intelligence Estimate Number 43-64, 'Prospects for the Government of the Republic of China' The CIA assesses Taiwan's future in the wake of France's normalization of diplomatic relations with the PRC. The report covers US-Republic of China relations and likely developments in Taiwan's internal security, politics, and international recognition.
March 3, 1982	Excerpts of Talks between Leading Comrades and Foreign Guests (No. 2) A Chinese Communist Party digest summarizing a meeting held between Deng Xiaoping and Norodom Sihanouk.
August 10, 1959	Comments of N.S. Khrushchev In this document, N. S. Khrushchev provides wide-ranging comments on various geopolitical and diplomatic issues. He criticizes the US for holding onto outdated alliances like Taiwan, emphasizing the need to normalize relations and reduce tensions globally. Khrushchev discusses Middle Eastern instability, particularly in Iran, warning against U.S. interference and emphasizing self-determination for colonized nations. He also addresses disarmament, arguing that military bases are a source of tension and advocating for a phased withdrawal of troops and arms control measures. Additional topics include the complexities of summit diplomacy, Lend-Lease repayment disputes, and his correspondence with world leaders such as Macmillan, De Gaulle, and Nehru, stressing the importance of aligning messages to maintain good relations. This document summary was generated by an artificial intelligence language model and was reviewed by a Wilson Center staff member.
November 30, 1965	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and Jean Chauvel Premier Zhou and a representative from the French foreign ministry, Jean Chauvel, talk about the Vietnam War. Zhou voices China's support for Vietnamese people's requests for U.S. troops to withdraw from Vietnam and not interfere in Vietnamese internal issues. Zhou says that the U.S. has not comply to Vietnam's request and has on the contrary expanded the war. Chauvel agrees with Zhou that the final decision about the Vietnamese War should be made by Vietnamese people. Chauvel says that the priority should be to stop the current war and calls for a ceasefire to solve the issue. Zhou cites the U.S. expansion of troops and continued involvement in Vietnam as the cause of heightened tension in Vietnam War.
October 23, 1963	Transcript of Conversation between Zhou Enlai and Edgar Faure Premier Zhou speaks with French prime minister Edgar Faure about more contacts between China and France. Zhou says that as long as the two states respect each others sovereignty, even if they have different political systems, can still peacefully coexist. They discussed topics relating to Algeria, Soviet Union, and Taiwan.
November 10, 1956	Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1956, No. 40 (Overall Issue No. 66) This issue begins by denouncing British and French aggression against Egypt during the Suez Canal Crisis. It also includes a Chinese statement about the Soviet Declaration "to Strengthen Friendship and Cooperation [with] Other Socialist States," which acknowledges tensions between socialist countries and the need to address people's demands in Hungary and Poland. The next sections feature a message from Zhou Enlai to János Kádár, who would lead Hungary after the failed Revolution of 1956, and Sino-Nepali correspondence.