Information report of the delegation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic from VIII. Congress of the People's Socialist Party of Cuba
On August 16-22, 1960, the VIII Congress of the People's Socialist Party (PSP) of Cuba with the following program:
1. Report on the party's activities from the VII PSP Congress
The report was given by the general secretary of the party, Comrade Blas Roca.
2. Report on the Program of the People's Socialist Party of Cuba.
The report was submitted by the executive secretary of the Central Committee of the LSSK, Mr. Anibal Escalante.
3. Report on changes to party statutes. - The report was submitted by the Secretary of the Central Committee, Comrade Manuel Luzardo.
4. Election of a new Party Central Committee and Central Review Commission.
32 delegations of fraternal communist and socialist parties took part in the congress, and 23 fraternal parties, among them the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, sent written greetings to the congress.
The convention opened the meeting with a short speech by Comrade Lazaro Peña. He stated that it has been 35 years since the Communist Party of Cuba was founded. The congress honored the memory of all fallen revolutionaries and greeted all the present delegations of fraternal parties, present representatives of the 26th of July Movement, trade unions, and other mass social organizations. He sent greetings for illness to the absent president of the LSS of Cuba, Comrade J. Marinella. With great enthusiasm, the delegates of the congress accepted the greeting letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
After the election of the presidency of the congress and the mandate committee, Comrade Blas Roca gave a comprehensive report on the party's activities for the period from the VIIth to the VIIIth Congress (1950s - 1960s).
In the first part of his report, Comrade Blas Roca talked about the activities of the party before the coup d'état and the Batista dictatorship, as well as about the party's transition into illegality and the struggle in conditions of illegality and terror, about the progress of the party during negotiations with the bourgeois opposition for an agreement, about the line of development of the mass struggle and the struggle to gain the masses, about unity in the fight against
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the dictatorship and the development of the Cuban revolution. In this part of the paper he presented and submitted to the convention a reconsideration of the meaning of July 26, 1953.
The party was initially very wary of the tactics of the group of people around Fidel Castro, which it assessed as a coup d'état due to the considerable original influence of the anti-communist and pro-American wing, although on the other hand, it provided some moral and political support to this movement. Now, the party from the tribune of the convention carried out a reassessment of the actions of July 1955, when Fidél Castro, with a group of young people, first attacked the barracks in Santiago de Cuba. After a lapse of time, after the party leadership's discussions with Fidel Castro, and due to the development of the situation in Cuba, the congress re-evaluated the meaning of July 26, 1953, which can be summarized as follows:
first of all - the armed action in July 1953 meant the creation of a completely new group of people from the ranks of the honest petty-bourgeois opposition, with active tactics of armed revolutionary struggle, which relegated to the background the behind-the-scenes chatter of the hitherto leading representatives of the bourgeois opposition (the so-called orthodox party) and which was the first to take up arms the group in Cuba did not submit to Washington's plans;
further - the party in this reassessment examines Fidel Castro as the undisputed organizer of the victorious armed revolutionary movement in Cuba, who was not intimidated by all obstacles and difficulties and successfully organized the armed struggle of small peasants and agricultural workers and later of the entire people. Based on his own experiences under the most difficult conditions of armed struggle, Fidél Castro learned to recognize who are the friends and enemies of the revolution, the role of social classes, the methods and means of deepening the revolution, and its immediate and prospective goals. Comrade Blas Roca stated that Fidél Castro is a new phenomenon in the history of Latin America, that despite his social origin (from the family of a small landowner), after coming to power he was not intimidated by the threat of Washington, he did not allow himself to be corrupted and did not renounce his original revolutionary goals, on the contrary, he is developing towards the left, becoming more radical with each new experience and merging more and more with the popular masses.
In the next part of his report, Comrade Blas Roca talked about five characteristic features of the Cuban revolution:
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a/ the most significant feature of the Cuban revolution is the fact that the main and decisive means of overthrowing the imperialist dictatorship of Batista was the armed struggle of the revolutionary army. The general strike on January 1, 1959 in Havana and other occupied places in Cuba contributed substantially to the rapid overthrow of the bourgeois dictatorship;
b/ that the Cuban revolution did not take over the bourgeois state apparatus, but scattered it. Only a tiny part remained, namely in the judiciary, which is awaiting transformation. At the same time, it must be seen that counter-revolutionary crimes are tried by special military courts of the revolutionary people's army;
c/ the Cuban revolution removed the exploiting classes from the government and brought to power the progressive classes - peasants, workers, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie. The class content of the revolutionary power has gradually changed to the left since January 1, 1959, so that today the Cuban government represents a bloc of workers and peasants with the urban petty bourgeoisie and some groups of the national bourgeoisie;
d/ the Cuban revolution meant the defeat not only of Batista's dictatorship, but also of American imperialism, which this bourgeoisie served;
e/ the last characteristic feature of the Cuban revolution is the fact that it is taking place at a time when the balance of forces in the world has changed and is changing in favor of socialism, to the disadvantage of capitalism. This allows even a small country like Cuba, right on the doorstep of the US, to carry out accelerated profound economic and social transformations and successfully counter the constant attacks of the most powerful imperialist power in the world.
Comrade Blas Roca spoke further about the character of the Cuban revolution, its tasks and achievements. He said that the Cuban revolution is an anti-imperialist, anti-latifundist revolution, a progressive popular revolution, or as Fidel Castro says, "it is a revolution of the humiliated by the humiliated and for the humiliated". The driving forces of the revolution are the workers, the poor peasants and the radical groups of the urban petty bourgeoisie. The methods of the Cuban revolution are intertwined with the forms of struggle of the proletariat
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and its experiences, they are "radical, revolutionary and effective" methods.
In the next part of the paper, he spoke about the enemies of the Cuban revolution, which, in addition to American imperialism, the domestic latifundists and the comprador bourgeoisie, including former bourgeois politicians and cliques linked to them, as well as reactionary elements from the Catholic clergy who are trying to keep alive the so-called Christian Democratic Party, which he is currently the main hope of American imperialism.
Against these forces stand the forces and friends of the Cuban revolution. They are the working class, which is getting rid of the remnants of economic and reformist ideas faster and faster, and removing the remnants of yellow functionaries in the leadership of the General Confederation of Cuban Workers and in the leadership of individual trade unions from the trade union movement. The revolutionary consciousness of the workers manifests itself in concrete actions, such as the creation of popular militias, 4 percent voluntary deductions from wages and salaries transferred to the causes, revolutions, fundraising events for the purchase of Scotch and machinery for agricultural cooperatives, and other measures to strengthen the worker-peasant bond. Small peasants and agricultural workers have benefited the most so far from the revolutionary measures, who are therefore a solid reserve of the revolution, they have formed units of the people's militia and guard patrols to protect the crops and important objects. The majority of the petty bourgeoisie is behind the revolution, which is increasingly attracted to the positions of workers and peasants, the main driving forces of the Cuban revolution. Nine-tenths of the Cuban population stand fully behind the revolutionary government and give it their support.
Cubans see the people of Latin American countries as important foreign friends of their revolution. With its sharp attacks against Cuba, American imperialism exposes itself to the African-Asian nations, whose anti-imperialist stance also works in favor of the Cuban revolution. The solidarity of the socialist countries, which results from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, was and is of decisive importance for the fate of the Cuban revolution. In this section, the aid of the Soviet Union was highly valued, both by the declaration of Comrade Khrushchev and by the purchase of Cuban sugar and the sale of Soviet diesel. The well-known warning of the USSR, delivered by Comrade Khrushchev,
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forced the USA to temporarily abandon its plans for direct armed aggression against Cuba. From the podium of the Congress, thanks were given for the quick and effective help of the USSR, China, Czechoslovakia and other socialist countries, SOF [World Federation of Trade Unions] and other international progressive and democratic organizations and personalities. All fraternal parties were expressly thanked for their great support of the Cuban revolution.
In the part of the report on the international situation and the Cuban revolution, Comrade Blas Roca spoke about peaceful coexistence as a fundamental issue in contemporary international relations. By freeing the country from the status of a semi-colony dependent on the US and establishing a sovereign government with a foreign policy independent of Washington, the Cuban Revolution contributed to the cause against war, for peace and peaceful coexistence. He showed how the enormous achievements of the Soviet Union and the achievements of socialist countries decisively strengthened the cause of world peace. He praised the peaceful politics of the Soviet Union and the entire socialist camp, to whom the Cuban revolution owes its existence. " Cuba - said Comrade Blas Roca - needs and wants world peace; it cares about the victory of peaceful coexistence and the principles of military non-intervention and the non-interference of one state in the affairs of another state, the prevention of economic aggression. The preservation of peace and the successes of peaceful coexistence testify in favor of the development of the Cuban revolution. We must develop even more actively the struggle for peace and peaceful coexistence, for the prohibition of nuclear weapons, and for the resolution of all disputes through negotiations.
In this part of the paper, it was pointed out the increased activity of Trotskyists, anarchists and revisionists, who try to spread leftist phraseology, disguise themselves with declarations of support for the Cuban revolution, but in practice serve the counter-revolutionary plans of the American imperialists. They strive for a split in revolutionary organizations, spread discord, and incite conspiratorial and renegade elements against the revolution. These people are mostly connected to the American intelligence service. Some elements who seek an agreement with the imperialists and are interested in the revolution stalling and maneuvering see their model in Yugoslavia. They make themselves revolutionaries, but they make propaganda for the counter-revolution. They are trying to spread the book of Djilas
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and the writings of other Yugoslav revisionists in Cuba. They are doing everything to portray Yugoslavia as a country showing great solidarity with the Cuban revolution, when in reality Yugoslavia's aid was insignificant because the US would not admit anything else.
In the next part of his report, Comrade Blas Roca spoke about the development of land reform, the nationalization of American companies and some issues of economic development, relations with socialist countries, and their importance for the country's economic development. The recent nationalization of a number of large American enterprises, especially sugar mills, means an important qualitative change in the development of the Cuban revolution. On the one hand, this would mean more frenzied attacks on Cuba by the American imperialists, but at the same time, this revolutionary step of the Cuban government caused another great wave of patriotic enthusiasm among the Cuban people and had a huge response among the popular masses of Latin America.
The defense and deepening of the Cuban revolution require a rapid and systematic increase in the ideological awareness of workers in the spirit of the principles of Marxism-Leninism. By adopting this teaching, "we will obtain a reliable compass against the opportunistic errors of the revisionists as well as against the extremist errors of the dogmatists, into which political desperadoes, infantile "leftists" or inexperienced people fall. It is necessary to apply Marxism-Leninism without dogmatism and revisionism in concrete specific conditions, as they result from the revolution. This requires expanding the number of party schools and better coordinating and organizing revolutionary propaganda. At the same time, it is necessary to further strengthen the people's militias with new thousands of workers, to ensure that they all learn to control weapons. To confiscate the property of collaborators and traitors and do not hesitate to use even the most severe punishments against them. Improve work at plants, in cooperatives, in schools, and increase production and productivity.
As far as the petty bourgeoisie is concerned, it is necessary to avoid all oversights that might drive important petty-bourgeois groups over to the side of the counter-revolution. The interest of the revolution demands that non-imperialist, non-monopolistic enterprises, which will be guaranteed limited but safe profits, cooperate as much as possible to increase production. It also requires
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changing the personnel in the foreign service, preventing the use of diplomatic functions for counter-revolutionary measures, educating new diplomats born from the people, further purging the judicial apparatus, and rebuilding it entirely. To train new workers, technicians and engineers for emerging industries. Strengthen in every possible way the unity of all revolutionary forces: the July 26 Movement, the PSP Cuba, the Revolutionary Directory, as well as all mass organizations. Pay special attention to the worker-peasant union. The defense of the revolution and its further deepening require an increased contribution of Cuba to the world struggle for peace, for peaceful coexistence, for the prohibition of nuclear weapons and tests with them, for complete and general disarmament, etc.
Next, Comrade Blas Roca talked about the discussion about the party's program that took place in the party. In conclusion, he spoke about some issues of the proposed changes in the party statutes. In this part, he talked about the importance of revolutionary organization and the importance and role of personality in history from a Marxist-Leninist point of view. He said that the party is one of the organized forces of the Cuban revolution, but not the only one, because other forces are the Revolutionary July 26 Movement, which under the leadership of Fidel Castro took the initiative of armed struggle and played a major role in the revolutionary government. Another organized force of the Cuban Revolution is the March 13 Revolutionary Directory. All these forces - said Comrade Blas Roca - are now working in unison under the leadership of Fidel Castro. This unity of revolutionary forces is one of the main prerequisites for the successful development of the Cuban revolution. If this unity were to be loosened, it would mean opening the door to counter-revolution.
"That is why we continue to strive for the deepening of this unity. We believe that in the course of the revolution and during its deepening, with ever closer coordination and cooperation of the revolutionary forces, it is possible and necessary to move at the appropriate moment to complete unity, to the fusion of all these forces in a single movement. Party organizations therefore, they can no longer be limited to purely internal party tasks, but committees and organizations of all levels must now be maximally interested in practical issues of production, construction, fulfillment of revolutionary laws, issues of national defense, revolutionary vigilance, etc. The line of the party is the line of establishing and strengthening the cooperation of all revo-
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lutionary forces and personalities. Every communist, in whatever capacity, must be the most ardent enemy of sectarianism, because sectarianism is an insurmountable obstacle to coordination and cooperation, hinders and destroys unity. Sectarianism means schism."
In the end, Comrade Blas Roca spoke about the importance of the ideological education of the membership, about the strict individual selection of new party members from among the workers. He pointed to the great responsibility of the party to other fraternal parties who expect that the LSS of Cuba will rise to the occasion and not disappoint the hopes of all revolutionaries, honorably fulfilling its internationalist obligations.
He delivered a paper on the program of the People's Socialist Party of Cuba. at the congress, executive secretary of the Central Committee of PSP, Comrade Anibal Escalante. (The draft program was printed in the Information Bulletin of the International Department of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party in the spring of this year). In his report, Comrade Escalante focused on evaluating the pre-congress discussion on the draft party program, he emphasized that the revolution is progressing faster than originally expected due to the international situation and that a number of points from the program have already been fully or partially fulfilled.
What must be fulfilled above all from the program is the liquidation of the US military base in Cuba - Guantánamo. Next are the tasks of completing the nationalization process; industrialization and planning; consolidation of existing peasant production cooperatives and establishment of others; completion of handing over land decrees to peasants; education of new technical and administrative personnel; consolidation of workers' and peasants' organizations; raising the revolutionary consciousness of the masses; completing the elimination of racial discrimination; ensuring women's equality; raising the material and cultural level of the people. Complete the reconstruction of the state apparatus so that it rests on the worker-peasant union, fill all sections of the state apparatus, especially the judiciary, with new cadres, and comprehensively strengthen and strengthen the new institutions of the revolutionary state.
The report on the proposed changes in the party statutes was presented at the convention by the secretary of the Central Committee, Comrade Manuel Luzardo. The draft party constitution, which is based on Marxist-Leninist teachings on the party, was discussed in
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the party organizations before the congress. The proposed changes are justified by the new revolutionary situation in Cuba.
There is one peculiarity in the draft statutes (reminiscent of the Chinese model), namely the permanent effect of the convention. According to the new statutes, "the national convention shall be convened every three years, shall hold its regular sessions, and then adjourn until a special session is convened or until the next national convention is convened. During the three-year period, the national convention together with its delegates shall retain all its validity". The same applies to conferences of lower party bodies.
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In the discussion of all reports, 36 delegates spoke at the congress, who generally supported both the current activities of the party's central committee, as well as the proposed party program and draft party statutes. In their speeches, some delegates expressed critical views on the fact that the party, in their opinion, belatedly proceeded to fully actively support Fidel Castro's armed guerrilla struggle. During the congress, the party's presidency responded to this criticism with the appearance of Comrade Blas Roca, who explained that at the moment it would not benefit the party to develop these discussions, that now is not the right moment for it and when that moment comes, the party will state its position on this issue and it will clarify the procedure.
The main tone of the discussion was the question of the unity of all revolutionary forces, the question of increasing production in industry and agriculture, the question of completing the revolutionary transformations in all areas, the question of defending the country and ideologically strengthening the party masses.
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Concluding his speech to the Congress, Comrade Blas Roca presented four basic tasks of the present time to all the organs and organizations of the party: 1. constant consolidation and strengthening of the unity of all revolutionary forces; 2. increasing production in industry and agriculture; 3. strengthening the armed forces, the people's army and the people's militias; 4. raising the revolutionary awareness of all party members and the popular masses. These are the main four points for the revolution to consolidate and expand.
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From the report of the mandate committee, we state: 206 delegates with voting rights and 70 guests took part in the convention. 67% of the congress delegates were workers, 12% peasants.
Of the 206 delegates, 162 were imprisoned (79%); 136 comrades and comrades can handle weapons (66%); 116 comrades (56%) are members of workers' people's militias and peasant patrol groups.
The congress then unanimously elected 35 members and 4 substitutes to the central committee in secret elections. (The previous Board of Directors had 25 members and 6 alternates). The central revision commission was also unanimously elected. All former leading comrades were elected to the new Central Committee; comrades who hold key positions in state bodies were not nominated to the Central Committee.
The congress then unanimously approved the papers presented and also unanimously approved the new program of the People's Socialist Party of Cuba and the changes in the party's statutes. The congress then adopted a resolution on the report of Comrade Blas Roca on the current and other activities of the party.
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32 delegates from fraternal communist and labor parties spoke at the convention, and 25 greeting telegrams were read from other fraternal parties not represented at the convention. In all these speeches and greetings, solidarity with the Cuban revolution was expressed and the necessity of fighting for peaceful coexistence was expressed.
Throughout the congress, there were delegations and prominent representatives of the July 26 Movement, the Revolutionary Directorate (including the General Secretary), trade unions, peasant, youth organizations, the army and women's organizations and others, who in their greetings emphasized the importance of the unity of all revolutionary forces and who in the same delegates of the convention were greeted in this sense.
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The delegation's stay in Cuba
After the end of the PSP Congress, a week-long study tour of Cuba was organized for foreign delegations, at the invitation of the leadership of the July 26 Movement. During the trip, the delegations visited two agricultural cooperatives and a sugar factory for the processing of sugar cane. They visited the school town "Camilo Cienfuegos" in the Sierra Maestra mountain range, where our group of young people met with other international youth brigades in the construction of a small town. They also got to know in Havana, in Santiago de Cuba and in the countryside the popular construction of apartments for workers.
Our delegation also visited the provincial committee of the PSP in Havana, where experiences from party work were exchanged in a conversation. She was invited to visit an agricultural cooperative school. We visited the Union of Dock Workers, the printer of Noticias de Hoy magazine, the Revolutionary Directory, the State Printer and its branches. Everywhere we met with extraordinary interest in the CSSR, and thanks were expressed everywhere for the help that the CSSR and other countries of the socialist camp provide to Cuba. A delegation to a large urban asset in Santiago de Cuba received a particularly warm welcome.
The delegation visited the chairman of the party, Comrade J. Marinello, who is sick, and conveyed to him the greetings of the leadership of our party.
The delegation took part in two large demonstrations of Cuban workers, namely the demonstration at the end of the nationalization week, at which President Dorticos spoke, and huge mass demonstrations against the results of the conference of the Organization of American States in Costa Rica, where the "Havana Declaration" was adopted.
At the end of his stay in Cuba, he organized the Ambassador Comrade Pavlíček hosted a friendly dinner in the presence of the General and Executive Secretary of the PSP of Cuba, in the presence of the Organizing Secretary, the Head of the Military Commission of the Central Military Commission and the Head of the International Department of the Central Military Commission. The head of the KSČ delegation and the general secretary of the Central Committee of the PSP made welcoming toasts. In the course of the evening, Raul Castro appeared, who during the conversation with the KSČ delegation invited them to a discussion on the issues of the people's militias for the next day.
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At this meeting, at the request of R. Castro, some questions about the organization and training of LM [people’s militia] in the Czechoslovak Republic were shed light on. Raul Castro requested the dispatch of LM instructors to Cuba, for training and technical issues and for communications issues. He also asked for the speedy establishment of an air connection with Cuba and finally asked if it would be possible to visit Cuba during Comrade A. Novotný's trip to New York or on some other suitable occasion. He emphasized that this visit would be a great political boost for Cuba. This request was already supported by Comrade Blas Roca during the evening at Comrade Pavlíček's.
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The delegation's stay at VIII Congress of the PSP of Cuba, a study tour of Cuba, interviews with Fidel and Raul Castro and other officials, interviews with regional officials of the PSP, officials and those working in the locations, as well as interviews with delegations of Latin American countries confirmed to us that Cuba is facing a fast pace a progressive, anti-imperialist agrarian revolution with certain elements of a socialist character.
In the countryside, a deeply democratic land reform is underway and being completed, and socialist-type agricultural cooperatives are rapidly developing and consolidating. A considerable part of imperialist enterprises and trading companies and part of the enterprises of the domestic bourgeoisie were already nationalized. The state sector of the national economy is being strengthened and its planned management is being prepared. Negotiations are underway to carry out the gradual industrialization of the country, with the decisive participation of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and the GDR. The defense of the country is ensured by the people's militias and the people's army. Fidel Castro's revolutionary government is supported by 90% of the country's population. American imperialism aims to acquire a part of the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie, with the active help and support of the Catholic Church hierarchy, which, however, is compromised by collaboration with the Batista dictatorial regime and is partly foreign (Spanish). However, especially in the countryside, there is no support for this, because the revolution has given the most to the countryside so far.
A characteristic feature of the current situation in Cuba is the effort of all revolutionary forces for unity, both from below and from above. The Revolutionary
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Directory submitted a proposal for the organizational merger of all revolutionary organizations, that is: the July 26 Movement, the People's Socialist Party, and the Revolutionary Directory. This developmental perspective was also pointed out by VIII PSP Congress. How practically this development process will be completed cannot yet be predicted. However, we got the impression from everything that the PSP will in any case retain its political line, organizational structure and apparatus. Currently, there is a constant deepening of the party's influence on state bodies and mass organizations through leading officials, and the party is also increasingly exercising its influence in deploying cadres to key positions. This positive development is closely related to the deepening all-round assistance of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries to the Cuban revolution.
From the interview with most of the Latin American comrades who participated in the PSP Congress, it emerged that their stay in Cuba convinced them that the Cuban revolution is a great mobilizing example for the workers of Latin American countries and that they are determined to organize all-round assistance to the Cuban revolution and learn from it for your activity. However, they pointed out that one cannot be impatient in matters of armed struggle (referring to the comrades' conversation with Che Guevara), but it is and will be necessary to take into account the specific conditions of individual countries.
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